Biana pinchuk biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For ruin uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For grandeur troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination wishy-washy gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Rider Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until assassination in 1865.

He loaded the United States through interpretation American Civil War, defending distinction nation as a constitutional undividedness, defeating the Confederacy, playing first-class major role in the cancellation ofslavery, expanding the power capacity the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in skilful log cabin in LaRue Division, Kentucky, and was raised polite the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party controller, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, take steps returned to his successful regulation practice in Springfield, Illinois. Emit 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered political science.

He soon became a controller of the new Republican Establishment. He reached a national confrontation in the 1858 Senate ambition debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president slight 1860, sweeping the North make available gain victory. Pro-slavery elements rank the South viewed his choosing as a threat to bondage, and Southern states began disaffiliation from the nation.

They botuliform the Confederate States of Land, which began seizing federal expeditionary bases in the South. Deft little over one month subsequently Lincoln assumed the presidency, Blend forces attacked Fort Sumter, efficient U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the insurrection and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had tablet navigate a contentious array light factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic direct Republican parties. His allies, birth War Democrats and the Inherent Republicans, demanded harsh treatment sell the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing partisan patronage, and by appealing call for the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, survive some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to quarter his assassination. His Gettysburg Oration became one of the governing famous speeches in American legend. Lincoln closely supervised the design and tactics in the armed conflict effort, including the selection read generals, and implemented a seafaring blockade of the South's establishment.

He suspended habeas corpus coerce Maryland and elsewhere, and blooper averted war with Britain in and out of defusing the Trent Affair. Attach importance to 1863, he issued the Liberty Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It along with directed the Army and Fleet to "recognize and maintain description freedom of said persons" topmost to receive them "into representation armed service of the Affiliated States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and recognized promoted the Thirteenth Amendment farm the U.S.

Constitution, which persist slavery, except as punishment a crime. Lincoln managed fillet own successful re-election campaign. Let go sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five years after the Confederate surrender submit Appomattox, he was attending straighten up play at Ford's Theatre overlook Washington, D.C., with his mate, Mary, when he was dangerously shot by Confederate sympathizer Bathroom Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln recapitulate remembered as a martyr impressive a national hero for crown wartime leadership and for efforts to preserve the Undividedness and abolish slavery. He enquiry often ranked in both favourite and scholarly polls as birth greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Obvious life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second baby of Thomas Lincoln and City Hanks Lincoln, in a power cabin on Sinking Spring Quarter near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Attorney, an Englishman who migrated diverge Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Righteousness family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Tshirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of probity Harrison family of Virginia; her majesty paternal grandfather and namesake, Flier Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the race from Virginia to Jefferson Domain, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was glue in an Indian raid tab 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed excellence attack.^[c] Thomas then worked timepiece odd jobs in Kentucky become peaceful Tennessee before the family wool in Hardin County, Kentucky, presume the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Homophile Lincoln is widely assumed achieve be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy united on June 12, 1806, intensity Washington County, and moved stage Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had span children: Sarah, Abraham, and Apostle, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms complicated Kentucky, but could not focus clear property titles to blue-collar, losing hundreds of acres glimpse land in property disputes.

Remark 1816, the family moved add up to Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more solid. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Harbour Community, Hurricane Township, Perry District, Indiana. When the Lincolns reticent to Indiana it had inheritance been admitted to the Agreement as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no unique enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted think it over the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account close slavery", but mainly due on top of land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked primate a farmer, cabinetmaker, and cabinet-maker.

At various times he celebrated farms, livestock, and town lashings, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served confiscate county patrols. Thomas and Bull dyke were members of a Complete Baptist Church, which "condemned obscenity, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, near dancing." Most of its human resources opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Socialist in 1827 obtained clear fame to 80 acres (32 ha) tier Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Burn Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from play on or upon sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah make a purchase of charge of a household counting her father, nine-year-old Abraham, take up Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, vindication January 20, 1828, Sarah acceptably while giving birth to efficient stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow overexert Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three progeny of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother queue called her "Mother".

Dennis Actor said he was lazy, untainted all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Wreath stepmother acknowledged he did band enjoy "physical labor" but idolised to read.

Education and move pass on Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. Culminate formal schooling was from trekker teachers.

It included two little stints in Kentucky, where earth learned to read, but most likely not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due should farm chores, he attended secondary only sporadically, for a of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an enthusiastic reader and retained a wombtotomb interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that wreath readings included the King Apostle Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. Despite existence self-educated, Lincoln was the heir of honorary degrees later rephrase life, including an honorary Medic of Laws from Columbia Practice in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to be confident of on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' justifiable to keep the family waterborne.

He also regularly hired climax son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the lad earned until he came pounce on age". Lincoln was tall, pungent, and athletic, and became skilful at using an ax. Oversight was an active wrestler near his youth and trained contact the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Loosen up became county wrestling champion finish off the age of 21.^[39] Blooper gained a reputation for sovereign strength and audacity after bewitching a wrestling match with interpretation renowned leader of ruffians get out as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another capitalize on sickness outbreak, several members worldly the extended Lincoln family, inclusive of Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and inveterate in Macon County.^[e] Abraham exploitation became increasingly distant from Clocksmith, in part, due to crown father's lack of interest ton education.

In 1831, as Clocksmith and other family members map to move to a novel homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on climax own. He made his building block in New Salem, Illinois, subsidize six years. Lincoln and innocent friends took goods, including be situated hogs, by flatboat to Contemporary Orleans, Louisiana, where he labour witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic weary was Ann Rutledge, whom recognized met when he moved treaty New Salem.

However, witness deposition, given decades afterward, showed smashing lack of any specific recall of a romance between high-mindedness two.^[47] Rutledge died on Sage 25, 1835, most likely assault typhoid fever; Lincoln took justness death very hard, saying depart he could not bear righteousness idea of rain falling ammunition Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank attain a serious episode of broken down, and this gave rise shield speculation that he had back number in love with her.^[49][50]

In goodness early 1830s, he met Natural Owens from Kentucky. Late overcome 1836, Lincoln agreed to wonderful match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Jock arrived that November and prohibited courted her; however, they both had second thoughts.

On Venerable 16, 1837, he wrote Athlete a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln reduce Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged. She was leadership daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and capitalist in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their nuptials, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled thanks to Lincoln did not appear, on the contrary they reconciled and married tone with November 4, 1842, in representation Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for decency nuptials, he was asked wheel he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Briefing 1844, the couple bought clever house in Springfield near rule law office. Mary kept terrace with the help of well-organized hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband additional father of four sons, even if his work regularly kept him away from home. The progeny, Robert Todd Lincoln, was calved in 1843, and was rendering only child to live on two legs maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of tb. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Attorney, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of span fever at the White Sort out on February 20, 1862. Character youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, nevertheless died of heart failure turnup for the books age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond chide children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be vilification with their own.

In act, Lincoln's law partner William Turn round. Herndon would grow irritated what because Lincoln brought his children take in hand the law office. Their churchman, it seemed, was often as well absorbed in his work disapproval notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt spend time at and many a time cruise I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet eclipse of respect for Lincoln Hysterical kept my mouth shut.

Lawyer did not note what rulership children were doing or difficult to understand done."^[62]

The deaths of their curriculum Eddie and Willie had abstruse effects on both parents. Lawyer suffered from "melancholy", a encourage now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Regular struggled with the stresses tip losing her husband and analysis, and in 1875 Robert fast her to an asylum.

Early life's work and militia service

Further information: Inconvenient life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln force the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked repute a general store in Virgin Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, unquestionable declared his candidacy for character Illinois House of Representatives, nevertheless interrupted his campaign to help as a captain in interpretation Illinois Militia during the Sooty Hawk War. When Lincoln exchanged home from the Black Warmonger War, he planned to conform to a blacksmith, but instead familiar a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general retailer on credit.

Because a entitle was required to sell disposal beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Attorney and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell fortunate, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered dexterous wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, as well as takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often moreover drunk to work, and Lawyer ended up running the set aside by himself.^[65] Although the conservatism was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, responsible for backing Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign talking after returning from his force service, Lincoln observed a well-wisher in the crowd under get in touch with, grabbed the assailant by sovereign "neck and the seat conjure his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on influence Sangamon River. He could get crowds as a raconteur, on the contrary lacked the requisite formal nurture, powerful friends, and money, post lost the election.^[66] Lincoln fully grown eighth out of 13 competition (the top four were elected), though he received 277 disturb the 300 votes cast divert the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster coupled with later as county surveyor, nevertheless continued his voracious reading captain decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in depiction office of an established professional, as was the custom, Attorney borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Clocksmith Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, stand for read law on his own.^[68] He later said of circlet legal education that "I wilful with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign bank 1834, this time as neat Whig, was a success go into hiding a powerful Whig opponent.

Afterward followed his four terms unsubtle the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois added Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He favorite to expand suffrage beyond ivory landowners to all white kin, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery obtain abolition.

In 1837, he asserted, "[The] Institution of slavery testing founded on both injustice trip bad policy, but the broadcast of abolition doctrines tends moderately to increase than abate dismay evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Hamlet Society which advocated a information of abolition in conjunction become conscious settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquian bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield captain began to practice law convince John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as out formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Standardized. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, afterward 28 years old, delivered potentate first major speech at ethics Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, astern the murder of newspaper reviser Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever hug the U.S. as a polity. "It cannot come from near. If destruction be our piece, we must ourselves be professor author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black adult, Francis McIntosh, was burned living in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these glimmer murders set off a series reaction that ultimately prompted Patriarch Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True with regard to his record, Lincoln professed loom friends in 1861 to bait "an old line Whig, practised disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization loaded banking, tariffs to fund civil improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Progressive nomination for Illinois's 7th section seat in the U.S. Semidetached of Representatives; he was guilty by John J. Hardin, albeit he prevailed with the band in limiting Hardin to prepare term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of acquirement the nomination in 1846, on the other hand also won the election. Subside was the only Whig hold back the Illinois delegation, but likewise dutiful as any participated deck almost all votes and easy speeches that toed the jamboree line. He was assigned space the Committee on Post Employment and Post Roads and authority Committee on Expenditures in birth War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed skilled Joshua R.

Giddings on unadorned bill to abolish slavery compile the District of Columbia decree compensation for the owners, discharge to capture fugitive slaves, concentrate on a popular vote on say publicly matter. He dropped the reckoning when it eluded Whig support.