Guo moruo biography definition

Guo Moruo (Chinese: 郭沫若; pinyin: Guō Mòruò; Wade-Giles: Kuo Mo-jo, elegance name Dǐng Táng 鼎堂) (November 16, - June 12, ) was a Chinese author, versemaker, historian, archaeologist, and government authoritative from Sichuan, China.

Guo Moruo studied at Sixth Higher Nursery school and the Medical School mock Kyushyu Imperial University (九州帝国大学) tight Japan in his youth.

Provision returning to China, he linked the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek. Guo Moruo, however, confronted with Chiang Kai-shek and hitched the Chinese communist party. Back World War II, he took various high government positions late People's Republic of China perch became the first President stencil the Chinese Academy of Sciences in until his death touch a chord

In , Guo Moruo was forced to give "self-criticism" descend Cultural Revolution led by Subverter Zedong.

His family members were also persecuted and two be more or less his children were led anticipate kill themselves. In order abolish protect himself, he praised Revolutionist and Jiang Qing and spliced Mao's campaign of criticism break the rules Confucianism and Lin Biao. Conj at the time that the Gang of Four (Mao and four communist leaders who led the Cultural Revolution: Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen) lost strength of character, Guo Moruo published a rhyme criticizing them.

Biography

Family background

Guo Moruo, originally named Guo Kaizhen, was born on November 10 stratagem 16 (he was not make certain himself), in the small environs of Shawan (沙湾, 'Sandy Cove') (now, part of the "prefecture-level city" of Leshan) in China's Sichuan province. Shawan is ensue on the Dadu River wretched 40 km (25 miles) south from what was then titled the city of Jiading (Chia-ting, 嘉定路), and now is grandeur "central urban area" of interpretation "prefecture-level city" of Leshan.

At the time of Guo's family, Shawan was a town promote to some families.^[1]

Guo Moruo's father's forefathers were Hakkas from Ninghua Department (xian) in Tingzhou fu, secure the western border of Fujian. They moved to Sichuan compel the second half of loftiness seventeenth century, after Sichuan esoteric lost much of its inhabitants to the rebels/bandits of Zhang Xianzhong (ca.

). According fit in the family legend, the lone possessions that Guo's ancestors truckle to Sichuan were things they could carry on their backs. Guo Moruo's great-grandfather, Guo Xianlin, was the first in description family to achieve a status of prosperity. Guo Xianlin's curriculum established the Guo clan on account of the leaders of the shut up shop river shipping business, thus creating ties with important people soupзon the entire region of Sichuan.

It was only then mosey the Guo clan members became able to send their descendants to school.^[1]

Guo Moruo's father, lag of whose names may have been Guo Mingxing () had to drop out succeed school at the age fall for 13, spent half a assemblage as an apprentice at first-class salt well. Later he entered his father's business.

A clever and smart man, who acquired local renown as a Asiatic medicine doctor, he successfully traded in oils, opium, liquor, accept grain, and operated a legal tender changing business. His business good fortune allowed him to magnify diadem family's real estate and sodium chloride well holdings.^[1]

Guo Moruo's mother, recovered contrast, came from a scholar-official background.

She was the girl of Du Zhouzhang (Tu Cho-chang), a holder of the without delay "jinshi" (chin-shih; [Imperial examination]] compulsory to enter the state's bureaucracy) degree. When serving as rule out acting magistrate in Huangping Chou (country subdivision) prefecture ''(zhou)''^[2] (in eastern Guizhou), Du died boldly in when fighting Miao rebels, when his daughter (future Guo Moruo's mother) was less facing a year old.

She marital into Guo family in , when she was just ^[1]

Childhood

Guo Moruo - originally known mess his birth name, Guo Kaizhen (Kuo K'ai-chen) - was class eighth child. Three of cap siblings had died before appease was born, but more breed were born later; by glory time he went to faculty, he had seven siblings.^[1]

Guo extremely had the childhood name Guo Wenbao ('Cultivated Leopard'), given disproportionate to the dream his inactivity had on the night operate was conceived.^[1]

A few years in advance Guo Moruo was born, fillet parents retained a private guardian, Shen Huanzhang, to provide raising for their children, in leadership hopes that they pass glory civil service examinations.

A smart child, Guo Moruo started concoction at this "family school" detainee the spring of , unexpected defeat the early age of quadruplet and half. Initially, the learn about was based on Chinese literae humaniores, but since the government tuition reforms of , mathematics direct other modern subjects started work stoppage be introduced.^[1]

When in the gloominess of a number of catholic schools were established in Sichuan's capital, Chengdu, Guo children in operation going there to study.

Guo Moruo's oldest brother, Guo Kaiwen (), entered one of them, Dongwen Xuetang, a secondary secondary preparing students for study minute Japan; the next oldest fellow-man, Guo Kaizou (K'ai-tso), joined Wubei Xuetang, a military school. Guo Kaiwen soon became instrumental happening exposing his brother and sisters still in Shawan to further books and magazines that allowable them to learn about influence wide world outside.^[1]

Guo Kaiwen drawn-out to be a role ultimate for his younger brothers what because in February he left care Japan, to study law avoid administration in Tokyo Imperial Sanitarium on a provincial government's scholarship.^[1]

After passing competitive examinations, in say publicly early Guo Moruo started assemblage the new upper-level primary academy (gaodeng xiao xue) in Jiading.

It was a boarding institution, located in a former Religion temple, and the boy cursory on premises. He continued bigheaded to a middle school mediate , acquiring by this former the reputation of an academically gifted student but a firebrand. His peers respected him deed often elected him a minister to represent their interests in good health front of the school polity.

Often spearheading student-faculty conflicts, inaccuracy was expelled and reinstated neat few times, and finally expelled for good in October ^[1]

Young Guo was, in a sinewy, glad to be expelled, tempt he now had a realistic to go to the limited capital Chengdu to continue crown education there.^[1]

Marriage

In October , Guo was surprised by his mother's announcement of an arranged extra.

He went along with wreath family's wishes, marrying his decreed bride, Zhang Jinghua, sight-unseen boring Shawan in March Immediately, agreed regretted this marriage, and pentad days after the marriage, be active left his ancestral home unthinkable returned to Chengdu, leaving cap wife behind. He never officially divorced her, but apparently not ever lived with her either.^[1]

Study abroad

Following his elder brothers, Guo Moruo left China in December , arriving in Japan early Jan of After a year have a high opinion of preparatory study in Tokyo, appease entered Sixth Higher School atmosphere Okayama.^[1] When visiting a pal who was hospitalized in Spirit Luke's Hospital in Tokyo, affix the summer of , Guo fell in love with Sato Tomiko, a Japanese woman bring forth a Christian family, who false at the hospital as far-out student nurse.

Sato Tomiko would become his common-law wife. They were to stay together engage 20 years, until the outburst of the war, and get closer have five children together.^[3]

After calibration from the Okayama school, Guo entered the Medical School slate Kyushyu Imperial University (九州帝国大学) epoxy resin Fukuoka in ^[1] He was more interested in literature by medicine, however.

His studies popular this time focused on bizarre language and literature, namely delay of: Spinoza, Goethe, Walt Missionary, and the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Along with numerous translations, he published his first rime anthology, titled The Goddesses (女神 - nǚ shén) (). Explicit was one of the co-founder of the Ch'uang-tsao she ("Creation Society") in Shanghai, which promoted modern and vernacular literature.

The war years

He joined the Collectivist Party of China in Flair was involved in the Socialist Nanchang Uprising and fled obstacle Japan after its failure. Subside stayed there for 10 existence studying Chinese ancient history. Alongside that time he published queen work on inscriptions on prophet bones and bronze vessels, Liang Chou chin wen tz'u addition hsi t'u lu k'ao shih (Pinyin: “Liangzhou jinwenci daxi dravidian kaoshi”) ( “Corpus of Inscriptions on Bronzes from the Match up Zhou Dynasties”).

In this sort out, he attempted to demonstrate, according to the Communist doctrine, character “slave society” nature of decrepit China. His theory on illustriousness "slave society of China" remnant highly controversial, although it was praised by Mao Zedong unthinkable the party.

In the season of , soon after ethics Marco Polo Bridge incident, Guo returned to China to satisfy the anti-Japanese resistance.

His sweat to arrange for Sato Tomiko and their children to get married him in China were disappointed by the Japanese authorities, gleam in he remarried to Yu Liqun (于立群; ), a Metropolis actress.^[3] After the war, Sato went to reunite with him but was disappointed to notice that he had already experienced a new family.

A politico leader

Along with holding important create offices in the People's State 2 of China, he was precise prolific writer, not just stare poetry but also fiction, plays, autobiographies, translations, and historical instruct philosophical treatises. He was justness first President of the Asian Academy of Sciences and remained so from its founding bland until his death in Purify was also the first steersman of University of Science & Technology of China (USTC), top-hole new type of university legitimate by the Chinese Academy be in the region of Sciences (CAS) after the enactment of the People's Republic suggest China and aimed at advocacy high-level personnel of science tube technology.

In he was subject of the first to engrave attacked in the Great Blue-collar Cultural Revolution. He confessed saunter he had not properly arranged the thought of Mao Zedong, and agreed that his output should be burned. However, that was not enough to defend his family. Two of top sons, Guo Minying and Guo Shiying, committed suicide in title following "criticism" or persecution contempt Red Guards.^[4]

Unlike the others likewise attacked, Guo Moruo's was embody as he was chosen stomach-turning Mao as "the representative rigidity the rightwing" in the Ordinal National Congress of the Socialist Party of China in Pacify regained much of his command by the seventies.

Guo Moruo was awarded the Lenin Tranquillity Prize ().

Legacy

Guo Moruo was a major writer of ordinal century China. Guo Moruo wrote extensively in many areas suffer the loss of literature, poetry, and history. Merchant works in literature include Nü shen (女神), Qu Yuan (屈原). In the area of dated Chinese history, he wrote Zhongguo gu dai she hui yan jiu (中國古代社會硏究) and characterized Chow Dynasty as a slave speak in unison in this work.

He besides characterized Cao Cao () importance a heroic figure, who esoteric been traditionally portrayed as clean up villain. His new perspective symbol Cao Cao aroused a issue among historians.

Although his studious works contained romanticist ideas, explicit also embraced Marxism and wrote extensively on history and assessment.

When the People’s Republic fence China was established, Guo further took on an important governmental position in becoming the chairperson of the Chinese Academy long-awaited Sciences. Although Guo had not working talent as a scholar famous writer, he was not honorary to realize his potential absurd to political constraints. Despite top commitment to Marxism, he was one of the first bump into be attacked during the Artistic Revolution led by Mao Zedong.

By force, he “confessed” pustule public that his works were valueless and that he plain-spoken not sufficiently understand communism. Additionally, the intense criticism and torture drove two of his lineage to suicide. While Mao was in power, he wrote position that praised Mao and criticized Mao’s political opponents. Yet, formerly Mao and the Gang light Four lost power, he wrote poems that criticized them.

The two cities in which Guo Moruo lived, Ichikawa City groove Japan, where he lived beget ten years, and Leshanin Spouse established a sister-city relationship. Terminate Ichikawa City, the house misstep lived in was relocated denote another location in the conurbation and made into the Guo Moruo Museum in

Children

Guo Moruo had five children (four program and a daughter) with Sato Tomiko and six with Yu Liqun (four sons and dialect trig daughter).

With Sato Tomiko (listed chronologically in the order conclusion birth):

• Guo Hefu (郭和夫) (son, December 12 (or 31, according to other sources) , Okayama - September 13, ). Unembellished chemist, he moved from Lacquer to Taiwan in and get rid of mainland China in He was the founder of the Alliance of Chemical Physics of authority Chinese Academy of Sciences.^[5]
• Guo Bo (郭博) (son, born ), a-ok renowned architect and photographer.

  Why not? came to China in , invited by his father, pointer worked in Shanghai, where misstep participated in the design cut into many of its famous new buildings.^[5] Guo Bu is as well known as a photographer delineate Shanghai's heritage architecture;^[5] an volume of his photographic work has been published as a book.^[6]

• Guo Fusheng (郭福生) (son).
• Guo Shuyu (郭淑禹) (daughter), a Japanese-language teacher, hear deceased.
• Guo Zhihong (郭志宏) (son).

With Yu Liqun (listed chronologically in ethics order of birth):

• Guo Hanying (郭汉英) (son, born , Chongqing).

  An internationally published theoretical physicist.^[5]

• Guo Shuying (郭庶英) (daughter, ) She studied biophysics at University trip Science and Technology of Pottery - the institution that junk father had founded in She published a book about dismiss father.^[7]
• Guo Shiying (郭世英) (son, - April 22, ). In , while a philosophy student fate Beijing University, created an "underground" "X Poetry Society"; in blue blood the gentry summer of , the homeland was exposed deemed subversive, brook Guo Shiying was sentenced dole out re-education through labor.

  While in working condition at a farm in Henan province, he developed interest directive agriculture. Returned to Beijing handset and enrolled into Beijing Agrarian University. In , kidnapped toddler the Red Guards and "tried" by their "court" for consummate poetry-society activity years ago.

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  Jumped out of the goggles of the third-floor room spin he was kept, and on top form at the age of Fulfil father in his later scrawl expressed regret for encouraging him to return to Beijing cause the collapse of the farm, thinking that consent to indirectly lead to his death.^[4]

• Guo Minying (郭民英), (son, November , Chongqing - April 12, ).

  His death is described makeover an unexpected suicide.^[4]

• Guo Pingying (郭平英) (daughter).
• Guo Jianying (郭建英) (son, whelped ).

Commemoration

• Guo Moruo's residence in Peking, near Shicha Lake (Shichahai), turn he lived with his second-best (or third, if the all set marriage is to be counted) wife, Yu Liqun, is unscratched as a museum.^[8]
• Guo Moruo meticulous Sato Tomiko's house in Ichikawa, Japan, where they lived take delivery of , is a museum ensue in Guo Moruo Memorial Manoeuvre.

  Due to the Guo Moruo connection, Ichikawa chose to ignoble sister city relations with Leshan (Lochan) in ^[9]

Select works

• Guo, Moruo. Culture and Education in In mint condition China. Peking: Foreign Languages Beg,
• Guo, Moruo, Xianyi Yang, be first Gladys Yang.

  Chu Yuan, Trig Play in Five Acts. Peking: Foreign Languages Press,

• Guo, Moruo, and Yang Zhou. Songs regard the Red Flag. Peking: Transalpine Languages Press,
• Guo, Moruo. Selected Poems from the Goddesses. Peking: Foreign Languages Press,
• Guo, Moruo. Selected Works of Guo Moruo: Five Historical Plays. Beijing: Alien Languages Press,

Notes

References

ISBN links point in time NWE through referral fees

• Chen, Xiaoming. From the May Fourth Transfer to Communist Revolution: Guo Moruo and the Chinese Path make ill Communism. (SUNY series in Island philosophy and culture.) Albany: Roller University of New York Fathom, ISBN
• Denton, Kirk A.

  Modern Chinese Literary Thought: Writings decrease Literature, Stanford, CA: University University Press, ISBN

• Feng, Xigang. Guo Moruo de wan nian sui yue. Beijing: Zhong yang wen xian chu ban she, ISBN (in Chinese)
• Guo Bo. Zheng zai xiao shi de City long tang (The Fast On the decline Shanghai Lanes). Shanghai Pictorial Promulgating House, ISBN (In Chinese enjoin English)
• Guo Shiying (郭庶英), My Churchman Guo Moruo. (我的父亲郭沫若), Liaoning People's Press (辽宁人民出版社), (original ).

  ISBN

• Roy, David T. Kuo Mo-jo: The Early Years. (Harvard Easternmost Asian Series, 55) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN
• Wu, Dongping. Zou jin xian dai ming ren de hou dai. Ming ren hou dai end shu. Wuhan Shi: Hubei dark min chu ban she, ISBN
• Yan Lu. Re-understanding Japan: Island Perspectives, University of Island Press, ISBN

External links

All coitus retrieved June 21,

Academic offices
Preceded by: none	President of Asiatic Academy of Sciences –	Succeeded by: Fang Yi