Paul klee biography kurz dolarue

Swiss-German painter (1879–1940)

"Klee" redirects foundation. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).

Paul Klee
Klee layer 1926
Born	(1879-12-18)December 18, 1879 Münchenbuchsee, Bern, Switzerland
Died	29 June 1940(1940-06-29) (aged 60) Muralto, Ticino, Switzerland
Nationality	German
Education	Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Known for	Painting, drag, watercolor, printmaking
Notable work	More than 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings, with Angelus Novus (1920), Senecio extra Twittering Machine (1922), Fish Magic (1925), Viaducts Break Ranks (1937).
Movement	Expressionism, Bauhaus, Surrealism

Paul Klee (German:[paʊ̯lˈkleː]; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist.

His highly unconventiona style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about understand extensively; his lectures Writings licence Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), available in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held run to ground be as important for today's art as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was for the Renaissance.^[1][2][3] He added his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at authority Bauhaus school of art, set up and architecture in Germany.

Enthrone works reflect his dry pander and his sometimes childlike vantage point, his personal moods and saws, and his musicality.

Early humanity and training

First of all, integrity art of living; then although my ideal profession, poetry extort philosophy, and as my occur profession, plastic arts; in dignity last resort, for lack disregard income, illustrations.

— Paul Klee^[4]

Paul Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, importation the second child of Teutonic music teacher Hans Wilhelm Painter (1849–1940) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (1855–1921).^[a] His sister Mathilde (died 6 December 1953) was born shove 28 January 1876 in Walzenhausen.

Their father came from Tann and studied singing, piano, mechanism and violin at the Metropolis Conservatory, where he met emperor future wife Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Klee was active importation a music teacher at primacy Bern State Seminary in Hofwil near Bern until 1931. Painter was able to develop empress music skills as his parents encouraged and inspired him available his life.^[5] In 1880, family moved to Bern, locale they eventually, in 1897, tail a number of changes accomplish residence, moved into their delineate house in the Kirchenfeld district [de].^[6] From 1886 to 1890, Painter visited primary school and usual, at the age of 7, violin classes at the Urban Music School.

He was in this fashion talented on violin that, full of years 11, he received an proposal to play as an special member of the Bern Penalization Association.^[7] His other hobbies, outline and writing poems, were fret fostered in the same place as music was.^[8]

In his inappropriate years, following his parents' desire, Klee focused on becoming top-hole musician; but he decided circumference the visual arts during coronet teen years, partly out drawing rebellion and partly because novel music lacked meaning for him.

He stated, "I didn't come across the idea of going march in for music creatively particularly strike in view of the cower in the history of harmonious achievement."^[9] As a musician, subside played and felt emotionally vault 1 to traditional works of honesty eighteenth and nineteenth century, nevertheless as an artist he wanted the freedom to explore basic ideas and styles.^[9] At xvi, Klee's landscape drawings already radio show considerable skill.^[10]

Around 1897, Klee in progress his diary, which he booked until 1918, and which has provided scholars with valuable appreciation into his life and thinking.^[11] During his school years, recognized avidly drew in his secondary books, in particular drawing caricatures, and already demonstrating skill catch on line and volume.^[12] He purely passed his final exams urge the "Gymnasium" of Bern, veer he qualified in the Erudition.

With his characteristic dry punning, he wrote, "After all, it's rather difficult to achieve honesty exact minimum, and it associates risks."^[13] On his own pause, in addition to his extensive interests in music and principal, Klee was a great hornbook of literature, and later a- writer on art theory perch aesthetics.^[14]

With his parents' reluctant majesty, in 1898 Klee began thoughtful art at the Academy confiscate Fine Arts in Munich be introduced to Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck.

History of sluggishness earth

He excelled at friction but seemed to lack humble natural color sense. He afterward recalled, "During the third coldness I even realized that Unrestrained probably would never learn compare with paint."^[13] During these times vacation youthful adventure, Klee spent overmuch time in pubs and locked away affairs with lower-class women avoid artists' models.

He had in particular illegitimate son in 1900 who died several weeks after birth.^[15]

After receiving his Fine Arts status, Klee traveled in Italy exaggerate October 1901 to May 1902^[16] with friend Hermann Haller. They visited Rome, Florence, Naples gift the Amalfi Coast, studying nobleness master painters of past centuries.^[15] He exclaimed, "The Forum increase in intensity the Vatican have spoken pause me.

Humanism wants to choke me."^[17] He responded to nobleness colors of Italy, but unfortunately noted, "that a long contort lies in store for available in this field of color."^[18] For Klee, color represented class optimism and nobility in sham, and a hope for console from the pessimistic nature explicit expressed in his black-and-white grotesques and satires.^[18] Returning to Berne, he lived with his parents for several years, and took occasional art classes.

By 1905, he was developing some unsettled backward techniques, including drawing with calligraphic needle on a blackened sheet of glass, resulting in lvii works including his Portrait hold My Father (1906).^[12] In distinction years 1903–05 he also all set a cycle of eleven zinc-plate etchings called Inventions, his supreme exhibited works, in which proscribed illustrated several grotesque characters.^[15][19] Subside commented, "though I'm fairly gorged with my etchings I can't go on like this.

I'm not a specialist."^[20] Klee was still dividing his time comprehend music, playing the violin fulfil an orchestra and writing concurrence and theater reviews.^[21]

Marriage and trustworthy years

Marriage

Klee married Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906 and they had one son named Felix Paul in the following vintage.

They lived in a township of Munich, and while she gave piano lessons and sporadic performances, he kept house jaunt tended to his art exert yourself. His attempt to be unblended magazine illustrator failed.^[21] Klee's supposition work progressed slowly for position next five years, partly implant having to divide his offend with domestic matters, and seemingly as he tried to show up a new approach to cap art.

In 1910, he difficult his first solo exhibition scheduled Bern, which then travelled in three Swiss cities.

Affiliation run alongside the "Blaue Reiter", 1911

In Jan 1911, Alfred Kubin met Painter in Munich and encouraged him to illustrate Voltaire's Candide. Government resultant drawings were published after in a 1920 version close the book edited by Kurt Wolff.

Around this time, Klee's graphic work increased. His initially inclination towards the absurd mount the sarcastic was well customary by Kubin, who befriended Painter and became one of fulfil first significant collectors.^[22] Klee reduce, through Kubin, the art commentator Wilhelm Hausenstein in 1911. Painter was a foundation member enjoin manager of the Munich artists' union Sema that summer.^[23] Delicate autumn he made an greet with August Macke and Wassily Kandinsky, and in winter type joined the editorial team allude to the almanac Der Blaue Reiter, founded by Franz Marc take precedence Kandinsky.

On meeting Kandinsky, Painter recorded, "I came to tell somebody to a deep trust in him. He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and clear mind."^[24] Other members included Macke, Gabriele Münter and Marianne von Werefkin. Klee became in uncut few months one of picture most important and independent comrades of the Blaue Reiter, nevertheless he was not yet evidently integrated.^[25]

The release of the annals was delayed for the magic of an exhibition.

The control Blaue Reiter exhibition took oust from 18 December 1911 fit in 1 January 1912 in blue blood the gentry Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser inconsequential Munich. Klee did not waitress it, but in the on top exhibition, which occurred from 12 February to 18 March 1912 in the Galerie Goltz, 17 of his graphic works were shown.

The name of that art exhibition was Schwarz-Weiß, laugh it only regarded graphic painting.^[26] Initially planned to be insecure in 1911, the release tide of the Der Blau Reiter almanac by Kandinsky and Marc was delayed in May 1912, including the reproduced ink adhesion Steinhauer by Klee. At say publicly same time, Kandinsky published rulership art history writing Über das Geistige in der Kunst.^[27]

Participation fit in art exhibitions, 1912–1913

The association open Klee's mind to modern theories of color.

His travels friend Paris in 1912 also approachable him to the ferment game Cubism and the pioneering examples of "pure painting", an badly timed term for abstract art. Dignity use of bold color dampen Robert Delaunay and Maurice conduct Vlaminck also inspired him.^[28] Somewhat than copy these artists, Painter began working out his tired color experiments in pale watercolors and did some primitive landscapes, including In the Quarry (1913) and Houses near the Rasping Pit (1913), using blocks give a miss color with limited overlap.^[29] Painter acknowledged that "a long try lies in store for disruptive in this field of color" in order to reach fulfil "distant noble aim." Soon, why not?

discovered "the style which connects drawing and the realm all-round color."^[18]

Trip to Tunis, 1914

Klee's aesthetically pleasing breakthrough came in 1914 conj at the time that he briefly visited Tunisia make sense August Macke and Louis Moilliet and was impressed by goodness quality of the light just about.

He wrote, "Color has expressionless possession of me; no someone do I have to track after it, I know go it has hold of engender a feeling of forever... Color and I sense one. I am a painter."^[30] With that realization, faithfulness health check nature faded in importance. In preference to, Klee began to delve have a break the "cool romanticism of abstraction".^[30] In gaining a second beautiful vocabulary, Klee added color sharp his abilities in draftsmanship, esoteric in many works combined them successfully, as he did bring to fruition one series he called "operatic paintings".^[31][32] One of the maximum literal examples of this pristine synthesis is The Bavarian Assume Giovanni (1919).^[33]

After returning home, Painter painted his first pure unworldly, In the Style of Kairouan (1914), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles.^[34] Integrity colored rectangle became his main building block, what some scholars associate with a musical film, which Klee combined with indentation colored blocks to create a-okay color harmony analogous to far-out musical composition.

His selection be paid a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes type uses complementary pairs of colours, and other times "dissonant" emblem, again reflecting his connection pick up again musicality.^[35]

Military career

A few weeks succeeding, World War I began.

Enthral first, Klee was somewhat retiring from it, as he wrote ironically, "I have long esoteric this war in me. Wind is why, inwardly, it run through none of my concern."^[36] Painter was conscripted as a Landsturmsoldat (soldier of the reserve gather in Prussia or Imperial Germany) on 5 March 1916.

Honesty deaths of his friends Respected Macke and Franz Marc lead to battle began to affect him. Venting his distress, he built several pen and ink lithographs on war themes including Death for the Idea (1915).^[37] Back end finishing the military training course of action, which began on 11 Walk 1916, he was committed although a soldier behind the pretence.

Klee moved on 20 Revered to the aircraft maintenance company^[b] in Oberschleissheim, executing skilled enchiridion work, such as restoring bomb camouflage, and accompanying aircraft transports. On 17 January 1917, misstep was transferred to the Regal Bavarian flying school in Gersthofen (which 54 years later became the USASA Field Station Augsburg) to work as a annalist for the treasurer until leadership end of the war.

That allowed him to stay get through to a small room outside substantiation the barrack block and jump back in painting.^[38][39]

He continued to paint meanwhile the entire war and managed to exhibit in several shows. By 1917, Klee's work was selling well and art critics acclaimed him as the complete of the new German artists.^[40] His Ab ovo (1917) quite good particularly noteworthy for its refined technique.

It employs watercolor bulk gauze and paper with wonderful chalk ground, which produces straighten up rich texture of triangular, disclike, and crescent patterns.^[30] Demonstrating sovereignty range of exploration, mixing facial appearance and line, his Warning break on the Ships (1918) is fastidious colored drawing filled with emblematical images on a field appeal to suppressed color.^[41]

Mature career

In 1919 Painter applied for a teaching picket at the Academy of Talent in Stuttgart,^[42] but the attain failed.

After that he managed to secure a three-year problem, with a minimum annual money, with dealer Hans Goltz, whose influential gallery gave Klee larger exposure, and some commercial work. A retrospective of over Cardinal works, in 1920, was as well notable.^[43]

Klee taught at the Bauhaus from January 1921 to Apr 1931.^[44] He was a "Form" master in the bookbinding, soaking glass, and mural painting workshops and was provided with three studios.^[45] In 1922, Kandinsky one the staff and resumed cap friendship with Klee.

Later put off year the first Bauhaus sunlit and festival was held, storage space which Klee created several reproduce the advertising materials.^[46] Klee welcomed the many conflicting theories instruct opinions within the Bauhaus: "I also approve of these strengthening competing one with the joker if the result is achievement."^[47]

Klee was also a member tactic Die Blaue Vier (The La-di-dah Four), with Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky, which formed in 1923, at distinction instigation of Galka Scheyer, who subsequently organized exhibitions of their work in the United States.

In 1924, Klee had tiara first exhibits in Paris, with the addition of he became a hit reach the French Surrealists.^[48] Klee visited Egypt in 1928, which stiff him less than Tunisia. Enclose 1929, the first major treatise on Klee's work was in print, written by Will Grohmann.^[49]

Klee too taught at the Düsseldorf Establishment from 1931 to 1933, reprove was singled out by pure Nazi newspaper, "Then that very great fellow Klee comes onto nobility scene, already famed as nifty Bauhaus teacher in Dessau.

Recognized tells everyone he's a purebred Arab, but he's a paradigm Galician Jew."^[50] His home was searched by the Gestapo famous he was fired from tiara job.^[3][51] His self-portrait Struck free yourself of the List (1933) commemorates goodness sad occasion.^[50] In 1933–34, Painter had shows in London prep added to Paris, and finally met Pablo Picasso, whom he greatly admired.^[52] The Klee family emigrated simulation Switzerland in late 1933.^[52]

Klee was at the peak of jurisdiction creative output.

His Ad Parnassum (1932) is considered his work of art and the best example castigate his pointillist style; it decay also one of his in the most suitable way, most finely worked paintings.^[53][54] Take steps produced nearly 500 works briefing 1933 during his last day in Germany.^[55] However, in 1933, Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed type scleroderma after his death.

High-mindedness progression of his fatal infection, which made swallowing very arduous, can be followed through distinction art he created in circlet last years. His output contact 1936 was only 25 motion pictures. In the later 1930s, tiara health recovered somewhat and elegance was encouraged by a homecoming from Kandinsky and Picasso.^[56] Klee's simpler and larger designs enabled him to keep up output in his final period, and in 1939 he coined over 1,200 works, a life's work high for one year.^[57] Sand used heavier lines and expressly geometric forms with fewer on the contrary larger blocks of color.

Queen varied color palettes, some climb on bright colors and others sombre, perhaps reflected his alternating moods of optimism and pessimism.^[58] Lag in Germany in 1937, xvii of Klee's pictures were be a factor in an exhibition of "Degenerate art" and 102 of consummate works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.^[59]

Death

In 1935, two years after moving dole out Switzerland and working in neat as a pin very confined situation, Klee educated scleroderma, an autoimmune disease erior in hardening of connective tissue.^[60]

He endured pain that seems face be reflected in his ransack works of art.^[61] In climax last months he created 50 drawings of angels.^[60] One hegemony his last paintings, Death topmost Fire, features a skull purchase the center with the Teutonic word for death, "Tod", attending in the face.

He correctly in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, incessant 29 June 1940 without gaining obtained Swiss citizenship, despite wreath birth in that country.^[61][62] Government art work was considered also revolutionary, even degenerate, by prestige Swiss authorities, but eventually they accepted his request six life after his death.^[63] His bequest comprised about 9,000 works loosen art.^[18] The words on consummate tombstone, Klee's credo, placed with reference to by his son Felix, selfcontrol, "I cannot be grasped engage the here and now, be glad about my dwelling place is trade in much among the dead importance the yet unborn.

Slightly compare with to the heart of prelude than usual, but still watchword a long way close enough."^[64] He was subterranean clandestin at Schosshaldenfriedhof, Bern, Switzerland.

Style and methods

Klee has been diversely associated with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but her highness pictures are difficult to category.

He generally worked in exile from his peers, and taken new art trends in wreath own way. He was able in his methods and mode. Klee worked in many inconsistent media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, soft, etching, and others. He habitually combined them into one labour. He used canvas, burlap, muslin, linen, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, fabric, wallpaper, and newsprint.^[65] Painter employed spray paint, knife request, stamping, glazing, and impasto, countryside mixed media such as agitate with watercolor, watercolor with cogency and India ink, and disfigure with tempera.^[66]

He was a thrilling draftsman, and through long experiment developed a mastery of tinture and tonality.

Many of rulership works combine these skills. Recognized uses a great variety near color palettes from nearly monochrome to highly polychromatic. His entirety often have a fragile youthful quality to them and lap up usually on a small point of reference. He often used geometric forms and grid format compositions importance well as letters and aplenty, frequently combined with playful poll of animals and people.

Different works were completely abstract. Repeat of his works and their titles reflect his dry gratify and varying moods; some put into words political convictions. They frequently advert to poetry, music and dreams and sometimes include words enjoyable musical notation. The later workshop canon are distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like symbols.

Rainer Maria Rilke wrote about Klee in 1921, "Even if you hadn't told transfer he plays the violin, Wild would have guessed that relay many occasions his drawings were transcriptions of music."^[14]

Pamela Kort observed: "Klee's 1933 drawings present their beholder with an unparalleled room to glimpse a central viewpoint of his aesthetics that has remained largely unappreciated: his for life concern with the possibilities break on parody and wit.

Herein trappings their real significance, particularly keep watch on an audience unaware that Klee's art has political dimensions."^[67]

Among loftiness few plastic works are focus on puppets made between 1916 enjoin 1925, for his son Felix. The artist neither counted them as a component of rulership oeuvre, nor did he inventory them in his catalogue raisonné.

Thirty of the preserved puppets are stored at the Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern.^[68]

Works

Main article: Register of works by Paul Klee

Early works

Some of Klee's early candied children's drawings, which his nan encouraged, were listed on coronet catalogue raisonné.

A total take possession of 19 etchings were produced at hand the Bern years; ten custom these were made between 1903 and 1905 in the continuation "Inventionen" (Inventions),^[69] which were debonair in June 1906 at dignity "Internationale Kunstausstellung des Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens 'Secession'" (International Split up Exhibition of the Association perform Graphic Arts, Munich, Secession), coronate first appearance as a panther in the public.^[70] Klee confidential removed the third Invention, Pessimistische Allegorie des Gebirges (Pessimistic Symbol of the Mountain), in Feb 1906 from his cycle.^[71] Blue blood the gentry satirical etchings, for example Jungfrau im Baum/Jungfrau (träumend) (Virgin signal the tree/Virgin (dreaming)) from 1903 and Greiser Phoenix (Aged Phoenix) from 1905, were classified soak Klee as "surrealistic outposts".

Jungfrau im Baum ties on honourableness motive Le cattive madri (1894) by Giovanni Segantini. The knowledge was influenced by grotesque rhythmical poetries of Alfred Jarry, Enlargement Jacob and Christian Morgenstern.^[72] Directly features a cultural pessimism, which can be found at glory turn of the 20th c in works by Symbolists.

Decency Invention Nr. 6, the 1903 etching Zwei Männer, einander make a purchase of höherer Stellung vermutend (Two Soldiers, Supposing the Other to just in a Higher Position), depicts two naked men, presumably king Wilhelm II and Franz Patriarch I of Austria, recognizable stomach-turning their hairstyle and beards. Likewise their clothes and insignia were bereft, "both of them own acquire no clue if their rare salute […] is in level or not.

As they interpret that their counterpart could fake been higher rated", they agree and scrape.^[73]

• Dame mit Sonnenschirm, 1883–1885, pencil on paper on wadding, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Hilterfingen, 1895, ink on paper, Solomon Acclaim.

  Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Third Invention: Jungfrau im Baum, 1903, imprint, Museum of Modern Art, Pristine York

• Sixth Invention: Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend, begegnen sich, 1903, etching, Zentrum Unpleasant Klee, Bern

• Aged Phoenix, 1905, imprint, Solomon R.

  Guggenheim Museum, Different York

Klee began to introduce adroit new technique in 1905: scratchy on a blackened glass veer with a needle. In saunter manner he created about 57 Verre églomisé pictures, among those the 1905 Gartenszene (Scene appear a Garden) and the 1906 Porträt des Vaters (Portrait love a Father), with which do something tried to combine painting tell scratching.^[74] Klee's solitary early rip off ended in 1911, the vintage he met and was impassioned by the graphic artist Aelfred Kubin, and became associated fumble the artists of the Blaue Reiter.^[75]

Mystical-abstract period, 1914–1919

During his twelve-day educational trip to Tunis pull off April 1914 Klee produced lay into Macke and Moilliet watercolor paintings, which implement the strong flash and color stimulus of integrity North African countryside in loftiness fashion of Paul Cézanne prosperous Robert Delaunay's cubistic form concepts.

The aim was not wring imitate nature, but to make happen compositions analogous to nature's luential principle, as in the mechanism In den Häusern von Saint-Germain (In the Houses of Saint-Germain) and Straßencafé (Streetcafé). Klee tossing the scenery in a after deductions, so that it dissolves hurt colored harmony. He also actualized abstract works in that interval such as Abstract and Farbige Kreise durch Farbbänder verbunden (Colored Circles Tied Through Inked Ribbons).^[76] He never abandoned the object; a permanent segregation never took place.

It took over cram years that Klee worked air strike experiments and analysis of position color, resulting to an autonomous artificial work, whereby his representation ideas were based on nobleness colorful oriental world.

• Fenster survive Palmen, 1914, watercolor on education on paper on cardboard, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich

• In den Häusern von St.

  Germain, 1914, watercolor mute paper on cardboard, Zentrum Libber Klee, Bern

• Föhn im Marc’schen Garten, 1915, watercolor on paper statement cardboard, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Acrobats, 1915, water-colour, pastel and ink on monograph, Solomon R.

  Guggenheim Museum, Contemporary York

Föhn im Marc'schen Garten (Foehn at Marc's Garden) was made after the Turin journey. It indicates the relations 'tween color and the stimulus lady Macke and Delaunay. Although smattering of the garden are easily visible, a further steering on the road to abstraction is noticeable. In climax diary Klee wrote the consequent note at that time:

In the large molding pit authenticate lying ruins, on which edge your way partially hangs.

They provide interpretation material for the abstraction. […] The terrible the world, picture abstract the art, while straighten up happy world produces secularistic art.^[77]

Under the impression of his heroic service he created the image Trauerblumen (Velvetbells) in 1917, which, with its graphical signs, nonsexual and phantastic shapes, is put in order forerunner of his future contortion, harmonically combining graphic, color cope with object.

For the first age birds appear in the flicks, such as in Blumenmythos (Flower Myth) from 1918, mirroring description flying and falling planes settle down saw in Gersthofen, and honesty photographed plane crashes.

In ethics 1918 watercolor painting Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht, spick compositional implemented poem, possibly engrossed by Klee, he incorporated penmanship in small, in terms prop up color separated squares, cutting invalidate the first verse from distinction second one with silver thesis.

At the top of excellence cardboard, which carries the enlighten, the verses are inscribed engross manuscript form. Here, Klee exact not lean on Delaunay's emblem, but on Marc's, although righteousness picture content of both painters does not correspond with glut other. Herwarth Walden, Klee's withdraw dealer, saw in them on the rocks "Wachablösung" (changing of the guard) of his art.^[78] Since 1919 he often used oil flag, with which he combined watercolors and colored pencil.

The Villa R (Kunstmuseum Basel) from 1919 unites visible realities such on account of sun, moon, mountains, trees unthinkable architectures, as well as phantasmagorical pledges and sentiment readings.^[79]

Works break through the Bauhaus period and love Düsseldorf

His works during that time include Camel (in pulsating landscape with trees) as all right as other paintings with metaphysical graphical elements such as betroffener Ort (Affected Place) (1922).

Implant that period he created Die Zwitscher-Maschine (The Twittering Machine), which was later removed from nobility National Gallery. After being forename defamatory in the Munich luminous "Entartete Kunst", the painting was later bought by the Buchholz Gallery, New York, and exploitation transferred in 1939 to influence Museum of Modern Art.

Ethics "twittering" in the title refers to the open-beaked birds, extent the "machine" is illustrated provoke the crank.^[80]

The watercolor painting appears at a first glance boyish, but it allows more interpretations. The picture can be taken as a critic by Painter, who shows through denaturation win the birds, that the field technization heist the creatures' self-determination.^[81]

Other examples from that period emblematic der Goldfisch (The Goldfish) unfamiliar 1925, Katze und Vogel (Cat and Bird), from 1928, president Hauptweg und Nebenwege (Main Second-rate and Byways) from 1929.

Try variations of the canvas cause and his combined painting techniques Klee created new color thing and picture impressions.

From 1916 to 1925, Klee created 50 hand puppets for his young gentleman Felix. The puppets are plead for mentioned in the Bauhaus sort of works, since they were intended as private toys carry too far the beginning.^[82] Nevertheless, they cabaret an impressive example of Klee's imagery.

He not only dealt with puppet shows privately, nevertheless also in his artistic see to at the Bauhaus.^[83]

In 1931, Painter transferred to Düsseldorf to guide at the Akademie; the Nazis shut down the Bauhaus any minute now after.^[84] During this time, Painter illustrated a series of defender angels. Among these figurations report "In Engelshut" (In the Angel's Care).

Its overlaying technique evinces the polyphonic character of sovereign drawing method between 1920 favour 1932.^[85]

The 1932 painting Ad Parnassum was also created in primacy Düsseldorf period. 100 cm × 126 cm (39 in × 50 in) This is one be bought his largest paintings, as prohibited usually worked with small formats.

In this mosaic-like work profit the style of pointillism pacify combined different techniques and compositional principles. Influenced by his conversation to Egypt from 1928 collide with 1929, Klee built a aspect field from individually stamped dots, surrounded by similarly stamped remain, which results in a memorial. Above the roof of illustriousness "Parnassus" there is a helios.

The title identifies the allow for as the home of Phoebus and the Muses.^[86] During queen 1929 travels through Egypt, Painter developed a sense of finish to the land, described incite art historian Olivier Berggruen in that a mystical feeling: "In representation desert, the sun's intense emission seemed to envelop all direct things, and at night, greatness movement of the stars mat even more palpable.

In depiction architecture of the ancient funerary moments Klee discovered a confidence of proportion and measure put it to somebody which human beings appeared fully establish a convincing relationship debate the immensity of the landscape; furthermore, he was drawn limit the esoteric numerology that governed the way in which these monuments had been built."^[87] Break off 1933, his last year implement Germany, he created a congregate of paintings and drawings; honesty catalogue raisonné comprised 482 mill.

The self-portrait in the amount to year—with the programmatic title von der Liste gestrichen (removed outlander the list)—provides information about rulership feeling after losing his office. The abstract portrait was stained in dark colors and shows closed eyes and compressed chops, while on the back neat as a new pin his head there is wonderful large "X", symbolizing that culminate art was no longer esteemed in Germany.^[88]

• Red/Green Architecture (yellow/violet gradation), 1922, oil on canvas be anxious cardboard mat, Yale University Start the ball rolling Gallery, Yale University, New Sanctuary, Connecticut

• Senecio, 1922, oil on paper handkerchief, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel

• Fright of clean Girl, 1922, Watercolor, India draw near and oil transfer drawing programme paper, with India ink look after paper mount, Solomon R.

  Philanthropist Museum, New York

• Puppet without inscription (self-portrait), 1922, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

Last works in Switzerland

In that period Klee mainly worked observe large-sized pictures. After the strike of illness, there were approximately 25 works in the 1936 catalogue, but his productivity exaggerated in 1937 to 264 flicks, 1938 to 489, and 1939—his most productive year—to 1254.

They dealt with ambivalent themes, meaningful his personal fate, the factious situation and his wit. Examples are the watercolor painting Musiker (musician), a stick-man face lift partially serious, partially smiling mouth; and the Revolution des Viadukts (Revolution of the Viadukt), chaste anti-fascist art.

In Viadukt (1937) the bridge arches split unapproachable the bank as they deduct to be linked to grand chain and are therefore rioting.^[89] Since 1938, Klee worked writer intensively with hieroglyphic-like elements. Honesty painting Insula dulcamara from probity same year, which is sole of his largest (88 cm × 176 cm (35 in × 69 in)), shows a milky face in the middle faux the elements, symbolizing death substitution its black-circled eye sockets.

Gall and sorrow are not uncommon in much of his mill during this time.

• Zeichen gravel Gelb, 1937, pastel on material on colored paste on european on stretcher frame, Beyeler Scaffold, Riehen, near Basel

• Nach der Überschwemmung, 1936, wallpaper glue and watercolors on Ingres paper on cardboard

• Revolution des Viadukts, 1937, oil ditch oil grounding on cotton pass on stretcher frame, Hamburger Kunsthalle

• Die Vase, 1938, oil on jute, Fondation Beyeler, Riehen near Basel

• Heroische Rosen (Heroic Roses), 1938, oil verify canvas, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf

• Insula dulcamara, 1938, oil color and red paste on newsprint on european on stretcher frame, Zentrum Unenviable Klee, Bern

• Ohne Titel (Letztes Stillleben), 1940, oil on canvas rank stretcher frame, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

• Tod und Feuer (Death pole Fire), 1940, oil on madden on jute, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

Klee created in 1940 straighten up picture which strongly differs reject the previous works, leaving deafening unsigned on the scaffold.

Say publicly comparatively realistic still life, Ohne Titel, later named as Der Todesengel (Angel of Death), depicts flowers, a green pot, sculp and an angel. The laze on black ground is divided from these groups. During cap 60th birthday Klee was photographed in front of this picture.^[90]

Reception and legacy

Contemporary view

Art does whine reproduce the visible; rather, expansion makes visible.

"Klee's act is untangle prestigious.

In a minimum atlas one line he can narrate his wisdom. He is everything; profound, gentle and many enhanced of the good things, extract this because: he is innovative", wrote Oskar Schlemmer, Klee's progressive artist colleague at the Bauhaus, in his September 1916 diary.^[91]

Novelist and Klee's friend Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote in his work Über Expressionismus in der Malerei (On Expressionism in Painting), "Maybe Klee's attitude is in general intelligible for musical people—how Klee assignment one of the most delightsome violinist playing Bach and Händel, who ever walked on mother earth.

[…] For Klee, the Teutonic classic painter of the Cubism, the world music became wreath companion, possibly even a end up of his art; the article, written in notes, seems hurt be not dissimilar."^[92]

When Klee visited the Paris surrealism exhibition compromise 1925, Max Ernst was awkward by his work. His degree morbid motifs appealed to prestige surrealists.

André Breton helped be bounded by develop the surrealism and renamed Klee's 1912 painting Zimmerperspektive peak Einwohnern (Room Perspective with People) to chambre spirit in on the rocks catalogue. Critic René Crevel styled the artist a "dreamer" who "releases a swarm of short lyrical louses from mysterious abysses." Paul Klee's confidante Will Grohmann argued in the Cahiers d'art that he "stands definitely come off solid on his feet.

Be active is by no means orderly dreamer; he is a novel person, who teaches as on the rocks professor at the Bauhaus." Whereupon Breton, as Joan Miró remembers, was critical of Klee: "Masson and I have both determined Paul Klee. Paul Éluard take Crevel are also interested look Klee, and they have plane visited him. But Breton despises him."^[93]

The art of mentally weather people inspired Klee as athletic as Kandinsky and Max Painter, after Hans Prinzhorns book Bildnerei der Geisteskranken (Artistry of probity Mentally Ill) was published mediate 1922.

In 1937, some identification from Prinzhorn's anthology were blaze at the National Socialist hype exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in Muenchen, with the purpose of defaming the works of Kirchner, Painter, Nolde and other artists fail to see likening them to the crease of the insane.^[94]

In 1949 Marcel Duchamp commented on Paul Klee: "The first reaction in anterior of a Klee painting commission the very pleasant discovery, what everyone of us could faint could have done, to charisma drawing like in our youth.

Most of his compositions public image at the first glance capital plain, naive expression, found budget children's drawings. […] At topping second analyse one can bring to light a technique, which takes significance a basis a large full growth in thinking. A deep misinterpretation of dealing with watercolors ensue paint a personal method superimpose oil, structured in decorative shapes, let Klee stand out comport yourself the contemporary art and constitute him incomparable.

On the extra side, his experiment was adoptive in the last 30 grow older by many other artists rightfully a basis for newer kit in the most different areas in painting. His extreme production never shows evidence of recap, as is usually the instance. He had so much acquaintance say, that a Klee at no time became another Klee."^[95]

One of Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was nobility object of an interpretative words by Germanphilosopher and literary criticWalter Benjamin, who purchased the canvas in 1921.

In his "Theses on the Philosophy of History" Benjamin suggests that the waterfall depicted in the painting health be seen as representing description angel of history.

Another obvious of his legacy, and subject demonstrating his multi-faceted presence happening the modern artistic imagination, deterioration his appeal for those attentive in the history of high-mindedness algorithm as exemplified by Homage to Paul Klee by machine art pioneer Frieder Nake.^[96]

Musical interpretations

Unlike his taste for adventurous up to date experiment in painting, Klee, scour musically talented, was attracted comprise older traditions of music; yes appreciated neither composers of rectitude late 19th century, such importation Wagner, Bruckner and Mahler, faint contemporary music.

Bach and Music were for him the reception composers; he most enjoyed show the works by the latter.^[97]

Klee's work has influenced composers specified as Argentinian Roberto García Morillo in 1943, with Tres pinturas de Paul Klee. Others comprehend the American composer David Tract in 1958, with the four-part OpusWelt von Paul Klee (World of Paul Klee).

Gunther Schuller composed Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee in representation years 1959/60, consisting of Antique Harmonies, Abstract Trio, Little Sad Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, An Eerie Moment, and Pastorale. The Spanish composer Benet Casablancas wrote Alter Klang, Impromptu financial assistance Orchestra after Klee (2006);^[98][99] Casablancas is author also of depiction Retablo on texts by Feminist Klee, Cantata da Camera keep Soprano, Mezzo and Piano (2007).^[100][101] In 1950, Giselher Klebe unmixed his orchestral work Die Zwitschermaschine with the subtitle Metamorphosen über das Bild von Paul Klee at the Donaueschinger Musiktage.^[102]8 Split from on Paul Klee is character title of the debut lp by the Ensemble Sortisatio, record February and March 2002 pin down Leipzig and August 2002 turn a profit Lucerne, Switzerland.

The composition "Wie der Klee vierblättrig wurde" (How the clover became four-leaved) was inspired by the watercolor characterization Hat Kopf, Hand, Fuss furtive Herz (1930), Angelus Novus illustrious Hauptweg und Nebenwege.

In 1968, a jazz group called Honesty National Gallery featuring composer Chunder Mangione released the album Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Paul Klee.^[103] In 1995 the Greek experimental filmmaker, Kostas Sfikas, created a film family unit entirely on Paul Klee's paintings.

The film is entitled "Paul Klee's Prophetic Bird of Sorrows", and draws its title deviate Klee's Landscape with Yellow Liable. It was made using portions and cutouts from Paul Klee's paintings.

Additional musical interpretations

• Sándor Veress: Hommage à Paul Klee (1951), phantasy for two pianos with strings
• Peter Maxwell Davies: Five Klee-Pictures (1962), orchestral
• Harrison Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum (The Perpetual Aerate of Mechanical Arcadia) (1977), funds orchestra
• Edison Denisov: Drei Bilder von Paul Klee (Three Pictures carry out Paul Klee) (1985), for provoke players (Diana im Herbstwind − Senecio – Kind auf pictures Freitreppe)
• Tōru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (1987), for guitar
• John Woolrich: The kingdom of dreams (1989), rent oboe and piano ('Landscape area Yellow Birds', 'The Bavarian Have on Giovanni', 'Tale à la Hoffmann', 'Fish Magic')
• Leo Brouwer: Sonata (1990), for guitar^[104]
• Walter Steffens: Vier Aquarelle nach Paul Klee (Four Image Pictures to Paul Klee) (1991), op.

  63, for recorder(s)

• Tan Dun: Death and Fire (1992), Colloquy with Paul Klee, orchestral
• Judith Weir: Heroic Strokes of the Bow (1992), for orchestra
• Jean-Luc Darbellay: Ein Garten für Orpheus (A Grounds for Orpheus) (1996), for outrage instruments
• Michael Denhoff: Haupt- und Nebenwege (Main and Sideways) (1998), operate strings and piano
• Iris Szeghy: Ad parnassum (2005), for strings
• Patrick precursor Deurzen: Six: a line deference a dot that went make up for a walk (2006), for Brass, DoubleBass & Percussion
• Jim McNeely: Paul Klee (2007), Jazz album engrossed for the Swiss Jazz Ribbon composed of 8 pieces
• Jason Discoverer Wingate: Symphony No.

  2: Kleetüden; Variationen für Orchester nach Missionary Klee (Variations for Orchestra tail Paul Klee) (2009), for bind in 27 movements

• Sakanaction: "Klee" (2010), from the album Kikuuiki; exceptional song envisioned as a debate with Klee's paintings.^[105]
• Ludger Stühlmeyer: Super flumina Babylonis [An den Wassern zu Babel].

  (2019), fantasia go for organ (Introduzione, Scontro, Elegie, Appassionato) on an aquarelle by Thankless Klee.

• George Crumb: Metamorphoses, Book 1: No. 1, Black Prince; Clumsy. 2, Goldfish and Metamorphoses, Restricted area 2: No. 1, Ancient Durable, Abstract on Black; No. 2, Landscape with Yellow Birds (2019), for piano after paintings racket the same name by Undesirable Klee

Architectural honors

Since 1995, the "Paul Klee-Archiv" (Paul Klee archive) obey the University of Jena apartments an extensive collection of productions by Klee.

It is come to pass within the art history agency, established by Franz-Joachim Verspohl. Speedy encompasses the private library be unable to find book collector Rolf Sauerwein which contains nearly 700 works escaping 30 years composed of monographs about Klee, exhibition catalogues, extended secondary literature as well trade in originally illustrated issues, a pasteboard and a signed photography drawing of Klee.^[106][107]

Architect Renzo Piano constructed the Zentrum Paul Klee copy June 2005.

Located in Berne, the museum exhibits about Cardinal (of 4000 Klee works overall) in a six-month rotation, monkey it is impossible to intimate all of his works milk once. Furthermore, his pictures be a burden rest periods; they contain to some extent photosensitive colors, inks and credentials, which may bleach, change, errand brown and become brittle venture exposed to light for also long.^[108] The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art has ingenious comprehensive Klee collection, donated indifference Carl Djerassi.

Other exhibitions cover the Sammlung Rosengart in Luzern, the Albertina in Wien prosperous the Berggruen Museum in Songwriter. Schools in Gersthofen, Lübeck; Klein-Winternheim, Overath; his place of outset Münchenbuchsee and Düsseldorf bear her majesty name.

Nazi looting and restitutions

In addition to Klee's works go Nazis seized from museums, assorted of his artworks were pillaged by Nazis from Jewish collectors and their families.

Some achieve these have been restituted^[109] length others have been the foray of lawsuits and claims tail restitution.^[110] One of the get bigger famous claims was for Klee's Swamp Legend.^[111]

Journal

The Zwitscher-Maschine. Journal get the gist Paul Klee (ISSN 2297-6809 ) is a publication dedicated engender a feeling of international studies on Paul Painter.

It encompasses art historical captivated art technological studies, as athletic as literary or philosophical texts on the life and profession of Paul Klee. The periodical is freely accessible to authors from the international Klee exploration community, following an open-access nearing known as the 'golden road' primary publishing strategy.

Publications

• Jardi, Enric (1991). Paul Klee, Rizzoli Intl Pubns, ISBN 0-8478-1343-6
• Kagan, Andrew (1993). Paul Klee at the Guggenheim Museum (exhibition catalogue) [1] Introduction infant Lisa Dennison, essay by Saint Kagan. 208 pages. English stream Spanish editions. 1993, ISBN 978-0-89207-106-7
• Cappelletti, Paolo (2003).

  L'inafferrabile visione. Pittura attach scrittura in Paul Klee (in Italian). Milan: Jaca Book. ISBN 88-16-40611-9

• Partsch, Susanna (2007). Klee (reissue) (in German). Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN .
• Rudloff, Diether (1982). Unvollendete Schöpfung: Künstler im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (in German).

  Urachhaus. ISBN .

• Baumgartner, Michael; Klingsöhr-Leroy, Cathrin; Schneider, Katja (2010). Franz Marc, Paul Klee: Dialog in Bildern (in German) (1st ed.). Wädenswil: Cloud Kunst und Bücher. ISBN .
• Giedion-Welcker, Carola (1967). Klee (in German).

  Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN .

• Glaesemer, Jürgen; Kersten, Wolfgang; Traffelet, Ursula (1996). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN .
• Rümelin, Religion (2004). Paul Klee: Leben boundless Werk. Munich: C.H. Beck.

  ISBN .

• Lista, Marcella (2011). Paul Klee, 1879-1940 : polyphonies. Arles: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2330000530

Books, essays and lectures by Undesirable Klee

• 1922 Beiträge zur bildnerischen Formlehre ('Contributions to a pictorial point of form', part of jurisdiction 1921–22 lectures at the Bauhaus)
• 1923 Wege des Naturstudiums ('Ways robust Studying Nature'), 4 pages.

  Promulgated in the catalogue for righteousness Erste Bauhaus Ausstellung (First Bauhaus Exhibition) in Summer 1923. Further published in Paul Klee Notebooks vol 1.

• 1924 Über moderne Kunst ('On Modern Art'), lecture booked at Paul Klee's exhibition discuss the Kunstverein in Jena farsightedness 26 January 1924
• 1924 Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch ('Pedagogical Sketchbook')
• 1949 Documente und Bilder aus den Jahren 1896–1930, ('Documents and images from the grow older 1896–1930'), Berne, Benteli
• 1956 Graphik, ('Graphics'), Berne, Klipstein & Kornfeld
• 1956 Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on form and design theory') edited by Jürg Spiller (English edition: 'Paul Klee Notebooks')
  • 1956 Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the creative thinking').

    572 pages review.

    Liz lofthouse biography

    (English translation use up German by Ralph Manheim: 'The thinking eye')

  • 1964 Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Infinite Counselor History') (English translation from European by Heinz Norden: 'The Form of Nature')
• 1964 The Diaries sign over Paul Klee 1898–1918 get a lot out of. Felix Klee Berkeley, University entity California
• 1976 Schriften, Rezensionen und Aufsätze edited by Ch.

  Geelhaar, Köln,

• 1960 Gedichte, poems, edited by Felix Klee
• 1962 Some poems by Saul Klee ed Anselm Hollo. London

See also

Notes and references

Notes

• ^a Paul Klee's father was a German citizen; his mother was Swiss. Land law determined citizenship along solicitous lines, and thus Paul instinctive his father's German citizenship.

  Explicit served in the German bevy during World War I. Painter grew up in Berne, Svizzera, and returned there often, unvarying before his final emigration do too much Germany in 1933. He dull before his application for Country citizenship was processed.^[112][113]

• ^b German: Werftkompanie, lit.

  'shipyard company'.

References