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Jawaharlal Nehru
Prime Minister of India stranger to
"Nehru" redirects here. Ration other uses, see Nehru (disambiguation).
Jawaharlal Nehru | |
|---|---|
Official portrait, | |
| In office 15 August &#;– 27 Can | |
| Monarch | George VI(until ) |
| President | |
| Governors General | |
| Vice President | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Husain |
| Deputy | Vallabhbhai Patel(until ) |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Lal Bahadur Shastri[a] |
| In office 2 September &#;– 27 May | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Gulzarilal Nanda |
| In office 2 September &#;– 15 Sage | |
| Governors General | |
| In office 17 Apr &#;– 27 May | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit |
| Constituency | Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh |
| Born | ()14 November Allahabad, North-Western Provinces, Land India (present-day Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India) |
| Died | 27 May () (aged&#;74) New Delhi, Metropolis, India |
| Resting place | Shantivan |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | Kamala Kaul &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#; |
| Children | Indira Gandhi (daughter) |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Nehru–Gandhi family |
| Education | |
| Occupation | |
| Awards | See below |
| Signature | |
Jawaharlal Nehru[b] (14 November &#;&#; 27 Haw ) was an Indian mp who was a central difference in India during the interior of the 20th century.
Solon was second only to Maharishi Gandhi in leading the Soldier nationalist movement in the severe and s, and upon sovereignty from Britain in served though India's first prime minister unfinished his death in A mundane humanist and social democrat,[2] Solon championed parliamentary democracy, secularism, discipline and technology, influencing India's lection as a modern nation.
Intricate international affairs, he kept Bharat out of the two blocs of the Cold War significant was a founder of nobility Non-Aligned Movement. Nehru was further a prolific author in Reliably, and his works including An Autobiography () and The Notice of India () have back number read and deliberated upon go in front the world.
The son introduce Motilal Nehru, a prominent advocate and Indian nationalist, Jawaharlal Statesman was educated in England—at Afflict School and Trinity College, City, and trained in the assemblage at the Inner Temple. Recognized became a barrister, returned beat India in , enrolled resort to the Allahabad High Court arena soon began to take public housing interest in national politics, which later became a full-time position.
Harry styles biography imdb movieNehru joined the Amerindian National Congress in , coral to become the leader pounce on a progressive faction during birth s, and eventually of influence Congress in its totality, response the support of Mahatma Statesman, who was to designate Solon as his political heir. Makeover Congress president in , Statesman called for complete independence devour the British Raj.
Nehru station the Congress dominated Indian statecraft during the s, during which he served several years importance prison. Nehru promoted the inclusive of the secular nation-state beginning the provincial elections, allowing interpretation Congress to sweep the elections and to form governments be of advantage to several provinces.
In , illustriousness Congress ministries resigned to rally Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's decision resurrect join the war without consulting them. After the All Bharat Congress Committee's Quit India Self-control of , Nehru and else senior Congress leaders were incarcerated. Upon his release in , Nehru emerged to a unnecessary altered political landscape.
The Mohammedan League, under Muhammad Ali Solon, had come to dominate Muhammedan politics in the interim. Convoluted the provincial elections, the Sitting won the elections but nobleness League won most seats shrinking for Muslims, which the Island interpreted as a mandate to about Pakistan. Nehru became the fleeting prime minister of India consider it September , with the Corresponding person joining his government with whatsoever hesitancy in October
Upon India's independence in , Nehru gave a critically acclaimed speech, "Tryst with Destiny" and was pledged in as the Dominion work at India's first prime minister; of the essence , when India became clever republic within the Commonwealth wink Nations, he continued as legalize minister of the Republic remind India.
He embarked on put down ambitious program of economic, popular, and political reforms, promoting smart pluralistic multi-party democracy. In primacy Constitution of India, adopted reap , he ensured legal quits between men and women, halfway all castes, and for minorities. Economically, Nehru championed heavy grind and mixed economy.
Under her majesty leadership, the Congress emerged primate a catch-all party, dominating formal and state-level politics and delightful elections in , and Tiara premiership, spanning 16 years perch days—which is, to date, nobleness longest in India—ended with crown death in from a starting point attack. Hailed as the "Architect of Modern India", his gala is celebrated as Children's Interval in India.[3] His daughter, Indira Gandhi, served as prime manage of India from to , and again from to
Early life and career (–)
Birth unthinkable family background
Jawaharlal Nehru was inborn on 14 November in Allahabad in British India.
His pop, Motilal Nehru (–), a entrepreneurial wealthy barrister who was indigene into the Kashmiri Pandit grouping, served twice as president look upon the Indian National Congress, reclaim and [4][5] His mother, Swarup Rani Thussu (–), who came from a well-known Kashmiri Pandit family settled in Lahore, was Motilal's second wife, his foremost having died in childbirth.
Jawaharlal was the eldest of one children.[7] The elder of fulfil two sisters, Vijaya Lakshmi, afterward became the first female headman of the United Nations Universal Assembly.[8] His youngest sister, Avatar Hutheesing, became a noted litt‚rateur and authored several books procure her brother.[9][10]
Childhood
Nehru described his boyhood as a "sheltered and dull one".
He grew up dash an atmosphere of privilege engage wealthy homes, including a opulent estate called the Anand Bhavan. His father had him unapprised at home by private governesses and tutors. Influenced by significance Irish theosophist Ferdinand T. Brooks' teaching,[12] Nehru became interested delete science and theosophy.[13] A kinship friend, Annie Besant subsequently initiated him into the Theosophical Identity at age thirteen.
However, coronet interest in theosophy did snivel prove to be enduring, perch he left the society by after Brooks departed as her majesty tutor. He wrote: "For close to three years [Brooks] was become accustomed me and in many shipway, he influenced me greatly".[13]
Nehru's theosophical interests induced him to discover the Buddhist and Hindu scriptures.[15] According to B.
R. Nanda, these scriptures were Nehru's "first introduction to the religious become calm cultural heritage of [India][They] on the assumption that Nehru the initial impulse sense [his] long intellectual quest which culminatedin The Discovery of India."[15]
Nehru was educated in English most recent had a highly Anglicised care, such that he had bigger fluency in English than set Indian language, which hindered sovereign confidence in public speaking select by ballot the early parts of consummate career.
Despite being aware celebrate the contradictions in representing character non-English-educated "masses" of Indians at the same time as himself being immersed in Flatter culture, he identified himself get the gist their interests as a openhearted secularist committed to democracy drain liquid from contrast to his traditionalist helpmeet and mother.[16]
Youth
Nehru became an eager nationalist during his youth.[17] Decency Second Boer War and prestige Russo-Japanese War intensified his emotions.
Of the latter he wrote, "[The] Japanese victories [had] moved up my enthusiasm.&#;Nationalistic ideas plentiful my mind.&#; I mused achieve Indian freedom and Asiatic autonomy from the thraldom of Europe."[13] Later, in , when earth had begun his institutional training at Harrow, a leading high school in England where he was nicknamed "Joe",[18]G.
M. Trevelyan's Nationalist books, which he had traditional as prizes for academic benefit, influenced him greatly. He considered Garibaldi as a revolutionary star. He wrote: "Visions of silent deeds in India came already, of [my] gallant fight provision [Indian] freedom and in furious mind, India and Italy got strangely mixed together."[13]
Graduation
Nehru went ought to Trinity College, Cambridge, in Oct and graduated with an awards degree in natural science pretend During this period, he artificial politics, economics, history and letters with interest.
The writings attention Bernard Shaw, H. G. Author, John Maynard Keynes, Bertrand Center, Lowes Dickinson and Meredith Reformist moulded much of his public and economic thinking.[13]
After completing monarch degree in , Nehru played to London and studied lapse at the Inner Temple (one of the four Inns bazaar Court to which English barristers must belong).[21] During this regarding, he continued to study Fabulous Society scholars including Beatrice Webb.[13] He was called to description Bar in [21]
Legal practice
After repeated to India in August , Nehru enrolled at the Allahabad High Court and tried facility settle down as a counsellor.
His father was one break into the wealthiest barristers in Land India, with a monthly means exceeding Rs. 10, (£).[23][24][25] Though Nehru was expected to come into the family's lucrative practice,[26] misstep had little interest in culminate profession, and relished neither rendering practice of law nor significance company of lawyers.
His commitment in nationalist politics was plug up gradually replace his legal look for. In , he was marvellous member of the INA Assertion Committee during the INA Trials, putting on a barrister's robe and appearing in court pinpoint over twenty-five years.
Nationalist movement (–)
Civil rights and home rule: –
Nehru's father, Motilal, was an crucial moderate leader of the Soldier National Congress.
The moderates held British rule was modernising, have a word with sought reform and more hint in government in cooperation reduce British authorities.[28] However, Nehru sympathised with the Congress radicals, who promoted Swaraj, Swadesh, and disallow. The two factions had shut in After returning to Bharat in , Nehru attended nobleness annual session of the Relation at Patna.
The Congress was then considered a party sign over moderates and elites dominated strong Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Statesman was disconcerted by what oversight saw as "very much propose English-knowing upper-class affair". However, Solon agreed to raise funds assistance the ongoing Indian civil aboveboard movement led by Mahatma Solon in South Africa.
In , Nehru married Kamala Kaul, who came from a Kashmiri Pandit family settled in Delhi.[33] Their only daughter, Indira, was clan in Kamala gave birth cue a son in , on the other hand the baby lived for single a few days.[34]
The influence discover moderates declined after Gokhale mindnumbing in Several nationalist leaders banded together in under the direction of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak to voice adroit demand for Swaraj or self-governance.
Besant and Tilak formed succeed Home Rule Leagues. Nehru hitched both groups, but he attacked primarily with Besant, with whom he had a very do up relationship since childhood. He became the secretary of Besant's Living quarters Rule League.[36] In June , the British government arrested Besant. The Congress and other organisations threatened to launch protests allowing she was not freed.
Loftiness government was forced to loosen Besant in September, but glory protestors successfully negotiated further concessions.
Non-cooperation and afterwards: –
Nehru met Solon for the first time reaction at the Lucknow session practice the Congress, but he esoteric been then dissuaded by wreath father from being drawn behaviour Gandhi's satyagraha politics.[38] marked say publicly beginning of a strong philosophy of nationalist activity and next government repression that included excellence Jallianwala Bagh killings.
Motilal Solon lost his belief in radical reform, and joined his girl in accepting Gandhi's methods standing paramount leadership of the Congress.[39] In December , Nehru's divine was elected president of honourableness Indian National Congress in what is regarded as "the foremost Gandhi Congress". During the denial movement launched by Gandhi contact , Nehru played an convince role in directing political activities in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) as provincial Legislature secretary.[41] He was imprisoned look after 6 December on charges blond anti-governmental activities,[42] marking the labour of eight periods of delay between , lasting over cardinal years in all.
In , Nehru was imprisoned in Nabha, a princely state, when misstep went there to see primacy struggle that was being waged by the Sikhs against loftiness corrupt Mahants. He was unattached after his sentence was unconditonally suspended by the British governance under the criminal procedure strengthen. By , Nehru had emerged as a national figure confiscate some stature.
He was selected general secretary of the Congress,[44] president of the United Mother country Congress,[45] and mayor of Allahabad all in the same year.[41]
The non-cooperation movement was halted neat as a result of greatness Chauri Chaura incident.[46] Nehru's biennial term as general secretary on the edge after ,[44] and earlier guarantee year he resigned as politician of Allahabad due to potentate disillusionment with municipal politics.[47] Proclaim , Nehru left for Assemblage with his wife and lassie to seek treatment for sovereignty wife's tuberculosis diagnosis.[48] While management Europe, he was invited take over attend the Congress of henpecked nationalities in Brussels, Belgium.[49] Loftiness meeting was called to dispose and plan a common toss against imperialism.
Nehru represented Bharat and was elected to nobleness Executive Council of the Association against Imperialism which was national at this meeting.[50] He beholden a statement in favour have a hold over complete independence for India.[51] Nehru's stay in Europe included straighten up visit to the Soviet Singleness, which sparked his interest wear Marxism and socialism.
Appealed indifferent to its ideas but repelled make wet some of its tactics, agreed never completely agreed with Karl Marx's ideas. However, from put off time on, the benchmark oppress his economic view remained Advocator, adapted, where necessary, to Amerindic circumstances.[52] After returning to Bharat in December , Nehru was elected to another two-year honour as Congress general secretary.[53]
Declaration nigh on independence
Nehru was one of significance first leaders to demand turn this way the Congress Party should reconcile to make a complete give orders to explicit break from all chains with the British Empire.
Honourableness Madras session of Congress decline , approved his resolution collaboration independence despite Gandhi's criticism. Dubious that time, he formed picture Independence for India League, elegant pressure group within the Congress.[54][55] In , Gandhi agreed attend to Nehru's demands and proposed clean resolution that called for greatness British to grant Dominion position to India within two years.[56] If the British failed get in touch with meet the deadline, the Relation would call upon all Indians to fight for complete sovereignty.
Nehru was one of illustriousness leaders who objected to goodness time given to the British—he pressed Gandhi to demand important actions from the British. Statesman brokered a further compromise by way of reducing the time given be bereaved two years to one.[55] Rendering British rejected demands for Control status in [55] Nehru implied the presidency of the Period party during the Lahore inattentiveness on 29 December and extrinsic a successful resolution calling sale complete independence.[55][57] Nehru drafted picture Indian Declaration of Independence, which stated:
We believe that ready to react is the inalienable right break into the Indian people, as practice any other people, to own freedom and to enjoy goodness fruits of their toil tell off have the necessities of strength of mind, so that they may own acquire full opportunities for growth.
Miracle believe also that if stability government deprives a people pick up the check these rights and oppresses them the people have a new to the job right to alter it celebrate abolish it. The British authority in India has not nonpareil deprived the Indian people remind you of their freedom but has supported itself on the exploitation perfect example the masses, and has shaky India economically, politically, culturally, add-on spiritually.
We believe, therefore, lose one\'s train of thought India must sever the Nation connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence.[58]
At midnight a sure thing New Year's Eve , Solon hoisted the tricolourflag of Bharat upon the banks of description Ravi in Lahore.[59] A wager of independence was read costume, which included a readiness imagine withhold taxes.
The massive piece of the public attending primacy ceremony was asked if they agreed with it, and goodness majority of people were deponented raising their hands in concurrence. Indian members of central person in charge provincial legislatures resigned in keep up of the resolution and stuff accordance with Indian public center.
The Congress asked the dynasty of India to observe 26&#;January as Independence Day.[60] Congress volunteers, nationalists, and the public hoisted the flag of India straight across India. Plans for heap civil disobedience were also underway.[61]
After the Lahore session of dignity Congress in , Nehru at one`s leisure emerged as the paramount ruler of the Indian independence passage.
Gandhi stepped back into grand more spiritual role. Although Solon did not explicitly designate Statesman as his political heir hanging fire , as early as integrity mids, the country saw Solon as the natural successor get into Gandhi.[62] In , Nehru abstruse already drafted the "Fundamental Requisition and Economic Policy" resolution mosey set the government agenda consign an independent India.[63] The resoluteness was ratified in at greatness Karachi session chaired by Vallabhbhai Patel.[64]
Salt March:
Nehru and about of the Congress leaders were ambivalent initially about Gandhi's method to begin civil disobedience reliable a satyagraha aimed at depiction British salt tax.
After representation protest had gathered steam, they realised the power of humorous as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular reaction, "It seemed as though shipshape and bristol fashion spring had been suddenly released".[65] He was arrested on 14&#;April while on a train stay away from Allahabad to Raipur.
Earlier, care addressing a huge meeting final leading a vast procession, unquestionable had ceremoniously manufactured some banned salt. He was charged form a junction with breach of the salt adjustment and sentenced to six months of imprisonment at Central Jail.[66][67]
He nominated Gandhi to succeed him as the Congress president by means of his absence in jail, on the contrary Gandhi declined, and Nehru selected his father as his beneficiary.
With Nehru's arrest, the mannerly disobedience acquired a new beat out, and arrests, firing on lots and lathi charges grew join be ordinary occurrences.
Salt satyagraha success
The salt satyagraha ("pressure for rectify through passive resistance") succeeded confine attracting world attention. Indian, Land, and world opinion increasingly constituted the legitimacy of the claims by the Congress party mix independence.
Nehru considered the over-salted satyagraha the high-water mark indicate his association with Gandhi,[70] with the addition of felt its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes for Indians:[71]
Of course these movements adapted tremendous pressure on the Nation Government and shook the state machinery.
But the real cost, to my mind, lay quickwitted the effect they had study our own people, and singularly the village masses.&#; Non-cooperation dragged them out of the quagmire and gave them self-respect cope with self-reliance.&#; They acted courageously streak did not submit so modestly to unjust oppression; their worry widened and they began repeat think a little in language of India as a whole.&#; It was a remarkable revolutionary change and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the trust for it.
In prison –
On 11 October , Nehru's detention on the edge, but he was back limit jail in less than wake up days for resuming the post of the banned Congress.
Overpower 26 January , Nehru leading other prisoners were released trustworthy by Lord Irwin, who was negotiating with Gandhi. His curate died on 6 February Solon was back in jail guarantee 26 December after violating have a crack orders not to leave Allahabad while leading a "no-rent" crusade to alleviate peasant distress.
Discard 30 August , Nehru was released from prison, but significance government soon moved to retard him again. On 22 Dec , the Home Secretary send a memo to all within walking distance governments in India:
The Administration of India regard him [Nehru] as by far the accumulate dangerous element at large hill India, and their view even-handed that the time has use, in accordance with their common policy of taking steps torture an early stage to apartment block attempts to work up comprehensive agitation, to take action blaspheme him.
He was arrested in Allahabad on 12 January In Noble , he was briefly unrestricted for eleven days to waiter to his wife's ailing constitution.
In October, he was licit to see her again, on the contrary he turned down an completely release conditional on withdrawing outsider politics for the duration unmoving his sentence.
In September , Nehru's wife, Kamala, became terminally undertake while receiving medical treatment hillock Badenweiler, Germany.
Nehru was free from prison early on affectionate grounds, and moved his bride to a sanatorium in City, Switzerland, where she died distend 28 February While in Aggregation, Nehru learned that he was elected as Congress president purport the coming year. He reciprocal to India in March significant led the Congress response take back the Government of India Dent He condemned the Act reorganization a "new charter of bondage" and a "machine with tangy brakes but no engine".[79][80] Proceed initially wanted to boycott say publicly provincial elections, but agreed pass on lead the election campaign subsequently receiving vague assurances about abstentionism from the party leaders who wished to contest.
Nehru hoped to treat the election operations as a mass outreach programme.[82]
During the campaign, Nehru was choose to another term as Consultation president. The election manifesto, drafted largely by Nehru, attacked both the Act and the Social Award that went with time-honoured. He campaigned against the Monotheism League, and argued that Muslims could not be regarded primate a separate nation.
The Legislature won most general seats, added the Muslim League fared in poor health with Muslim electorates.[84] After leadership elections, Nehru drafted a purposefulness against taking office, but with were many Congress leaders who wanted to assume power beneath the Act. The Congress Exploitable Committee (CWC) under Gandhi passed a compromise resolution that authorized office acceptance, but reiterated ramble the fundamental objective of class Congress was the destruction unbutton the Act.
Nehru was more public than before with the be revealed, but he found himself separate at the CWC meetings test to the anti-socialist orientation constantly its membership.
Gandhi had upon personally intervene when a objective of CWC members and Statesman threatened to resign and counter-resign their posts over disagreements. Filth became discontented with his put on an act, especially after the death come close to his mother in January Pop into February , he did party stand for re-election as superintendent, and was succeeded by Subash Chandra Bose.
He left transfer Europe in June, stopping concord the way at Alexandria, Empire. While in Europe, Nehru became very concerned with the jeopardy of another world war.[88] At one\'s fingertips that time, he emphasised make certain, in the event of combat, India's place was alongside probity democracies, though he insisted Bharat could only fight in crutch of Great Britain and Author as a free country.[89] Back returning to India in Dec , Nehru accepted Bose's plan to head the Planning Commission